Which medication is commonly associated with increased risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting?

Halothane is commonly associated with an increased risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting due to its properties as a volatile anesthetic. This inhalational agent has been shown to have a higher incidence of such complications compared to other anesthetics. The mechanism behind this is related to the stimulation of the vestibular system and delayed gastric emptying, which can contribute to postoperative nausea.

In contrast, while other choices like propofol and ketamine are used in anesthetic protocols and may have some side effects, they are generally associated with a lower incidence of nausea and vomiting. Propofol, for instance, is an intravenous anesthetic that has anti-emetic properties, helping to reduce the risk of postoperative nausea. Atropine is an anticholinergic agent used to reduce secretions and prevent bradycardia during surgery, and it is not directly linked to inducing nausea or vomiting as a common side effect.